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| Sort and capability of flocculants |
There’re three kinds of flocculants: inorganic salt flocculants, organic high polymer flocculants, microbial flocculants. Inorganic salt flocculants don’t have many kinds. They’re mainly low molecular salts like aluminum, ferric salt, hydrolytic-polymer and inorganic polymer flocculants. Organic high polymer flocculants mainly conclude synthetic organic high polymer flocculants and modified natural organic high polymer flocculants.
一、Inorganic salt flocculants
1.1 Inorganic low polymer flocculants
Inorganic low polymer flocculants includes pearl alum, aluminum chloride, ferric sulfate, iron chloride, etc. It is economical and easy to use; but it has large using amount, costs lots of money and has high carrion character.
1.2 Inorganic high polymer flocculants
It is a new flocculants developed in 60s of 20 century. Compared with traditional flocculants, it has better affect, and low cost. So it becomes more and more popular.
1.2.1 Simple inorganic polymer flocculants
It’s the polymer of aluminum and ferric salt like PAC, PAS, PFC and PFS.
1.2.2 Modified single cationic polymer flocculants
Beside Polymer aluminum and polymer iron, there’re silica gels and its modified items like polysilicate-aluminum (iron) and polymeric phosphate-aluminum (iron). Increase neutralizing capacity of the electric charge by bringing in high-charged ion modification like hydroxyl and phosphate radical are brought in for PASS and PSAA to promote flocculanting affect.
1.2.3 Multi-cationic inorganic polymer flocculants
Poly (aluminum, ferric) complex flocculants is a kind of poly-nuclear coordinated complex inorganic poly flocculants with polymer aluminum, polymer iron, chiorine and sulfate radical. It becomes more and more popular because of good characters of polymer aluminum and poly ferric.
PAFCS is one of them which has good hydroscopic property. Its effective iron and aluminum content is above 22%. Research indicates that: when the effective aluminum content of PAC is more than PAFCS’s, PAFCS has a better affect than alum; PAFCS is more proper than PAC for oil wastewater and dyehouse waste, and it has better decolor capability. High speed, high efficiency, easy filtering and high dewatering rate are advantages of it. Its materials come from industrial wastes, so it costs very little. It’s proper for wastewater treatment.
1.2.4 Boron sludge compound flocculants
It’s a kind of flocculants that concludes inorganic acid salt polymer like water-soluble magnesium, iron and aluminum. Main elements of boron sludge are mixtures of magnesium, aluminum, iron, silicon, boron and calcium which have no harm to human body. It can be used as materials of wastewater treatment agent. This method can reduce wastes and achieve utilization of debris.
二、Organic flocculants
Compared with inorganic flocculants, it has better affect and higher speed. It is hardly to be affected by PH value, and easy to treat. Nowadays, there’re mainly two kinds: modified nature polymer flocculants and compound polymer flocculants.。
2.1 Natural organic polymer flocculants
Using quantity of it is less than compound organic polymer flocculants, because its charging density and molecular weights are low. It’s easy to loose flocculants’ activity because of biodegradation.
2.1.1 Starch derivatives
In the modified nature polymer flocculants, starch modified flocculants is more attractive, because it is cheap and it has wide resource. Good natural circle is formed because of its character of easy biodegradation. There’s a fact: research of scion grafting copolymerization of starch with acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylate and acrylonitrile. Compared with polyacrylamide, its stability and flocculanting capability is better, and its range of application is wider.
2.1.2 lignin derivatives
Lignin is a kind of high polymer compound which exists in plant cellulose. It is an important ingredient of paper pulp. Large quantity discharge of lignin paper waste is a big resource waste and it pollutes environment. People pay more attention to research on industrial products based on lignin including treatment agent.
2.1.3 chitin derivatives
Chitin is the second most natural organic high polymer compound. It’s the main element of exoskeleton of shellfish (shrimp, crab) and insect. Research of chitin is hot in many countries and Positive progress has been achieved.
2.2 Compound high polymer flocculants
PAM is widely used in compound high polymer flocculants. Polyacrylamide has three kinds: non-ionic, cationic and anionic. Their relative molecular weight is between 1500000 and 8000000. Polyacrylamide causes cross bonding among ions, because it produces portative force on the particle suspending in water. In this way, it is flocculated. Polyacrylamide is an important and widely used high polymer flocculants which is used in industrial wastewater treatment, because of its good effect of wastewater treatment.
2.3 Water-soluble amphoteric high polymer flocculants
It’s the water-soluble high polymer which has both positive and negative electric charge radical on high polarity of chain. Compared with water-soluble negative or positive polymers which only have one kind of electric charge, its character is special. There were some reports on amphoteric high polymer flocculants, but they were only about lab compounding and preliminary study on effect.
三、Microbial flocculants
It’s the third type flocculants which developed in the end of 80s. These are its characters: wide flocculating range, high flocculating activity, safety, health, no-pollution, special effect of decoloring. Industrialization is easy to achieve because flocculants can produce many kinds of bacteria which grow quickly. Researches on microbial flocculants are becoming an important issue in the modern study of flocculants. |
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